Marketing management is a business discipline focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand in a manner that will achieve the company's objectives.
Information technology management (or IT management) is a combination of two branches of study, information technology and management.
Strictly speaking, there are two incarnations to this definition. One implies the management of a collection of systems, infrastructure, and information that resides on them. Another implies the management of information technologies as a business function.
The first definition stems from the practice of IT Portfolio Management and is the subject of technical manuals and publications of various information technologies providers; while the second definition stems from the discussion and formation of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL).
The ITIL has been in practice throughout regions of the world mainly conducted by IT service providers consulting companies. The relative paucity in the use of the best practice set can be attributed to a lack of awareness among IT practitioners. However the lack of ready-to-use tools also presents a significant barrier.
Some organizations that value such practices tend to engage consultants to introduce the practice. Such implementations can conflict with the home-grown culture due to a lack of internal buy-in. Other organizations implement the practices by spending resources to develop in-house tools.
Most in-house developed tools tend to focus on one or a few specific areas where the orgnizations feel the most pains. To reap the full advantages, tools will need to be integrated with the organization's IT data in the center.
In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely.
In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor. Some 2500 people serve at the pleasure of the United States Chief Executive, including all of the top US government executives.
Public, private, and voluntary sectors place different demands on managers, but all must retain the faith of those who select them (if they wish to retain their jobs), retain the faith of those people that fund the organization, and retain the faith of those who work for the organization. If they fail to convince employees of the advantages of staying rather than leaving, they may tip the organization into a downward spiral of hiring, training, firing, and recruiting. Management also has the task of innovating and of improving the functioning of organizations.
The management of a large organisation may have three levels:
At least two perspectives on role of control exist:
Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating and controlling.
Management comprises directing and controlling a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing that group towards accomplishing a goal. Management often encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.
The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.[1]
Management has to do with power by position, whereas leadership involves power by influence[citation needed]. Compare stewardship.
This moment, Business competition is very tight, one of them happened in cell phone (Hand Phone). Even in pulse cell phone (Hand phone) business, handset of hand phone or other supporting features. The growing of new customers this moment even from teenager group or adult group has become target business promised for cell phone (hand phone) in Indonesia, and giving more profit for businessman, mobile company, or operator Cell Phone. And other supporting this business begins growing up, likes pulse selling agent, cell phone (hand phone) card, hand phone accessories : string hand phone, casing hand phone, memory, case hand phone, data cable, screen guard, and hand phone software : from song title, ringtone, movie, wallpaper, until screensaver, and hand phone service or hand phone sales, follow to equip this cell phone (hand phone).
For struggle this new customer, and maintain the customer therefore many event used cell phone (hand phone) company for example through music event, sport, until major election. While to reach extend to costumer potential targeted and also maintain the customer so used many media like newspaper, magazine, TV tabloid, radio, billboard, or leaflet to communicate service or good that sold. Beside of that, to show networking force, many cell phone (Hand phone) company conduct Co-Branding strategy. Even between hand phone brand with celluler company or Bank which published credit card with celluler company. Many ease in selling, service and competitive price that offering in this selling. This strategy will bring benefit for the companies that involve in Co-Branding.
Consequences from sharp competitiveness happen and less rational consumer condition to choose celluler (hand phone) company make to push celluler (hand phone) business management conduct price war. Sometimes consumer only focus to cheap price to decide which one celluler (hand phone) company that will used to influenced by business management through competitive price strategy. Pulse offering by competitive price have done that company, even selling strategy in calculation per second, per 4 second, per 10 second or per minute become careful in interesting calculation. This psychology price strategy can push consumer to choose price calculated per second, because this nominal were lower so that seen to be cheaper than price per minute.
Whereas to know benefit from this competitive price certainly have to be seen from human behavior with the spend their time in using the phone. If someone for example sometimes for call only need time for 1-10 second, therefore phone tariff secondly can be the choice, but if sometimes phone time is too long for the time therefore tariff in minute that offered by celluler phone (hand phone) company can be the best option alternative.
Beside of that from price aspect therefore interest features which offered by operator expected can attract new consumer or other consumer which will move to other celluler (hand phone) company. For example unlimited area offering for whole Indonesia can using only one number, this matter will be make mobility easy and to depressing cost because do not be hit by roaming cost or cheap tariff offering to same celluler (hand phone) operator, or there are special service for SMS user.
Along in technology development happen which cannot be pursued and increasing hand phone function time to time, therefore hand phone company and even celluler then give sophisticated features for their customer. Even from SMS feature, GPRS, video call, to 3,5 G global network which have known by High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Global network presence internet by HSDPA make new fascination to internet user to using that technology, because of the speed tired 6 to 7 time much better than GPRS technology. Business management expectation in celluler (hand phone) company is given value to hand phone user will happened addition of new customer and customer loyalty be created.
PROMOTION have known become to be effort to influence decision to buy product. Even TV media, radio, newspaper, and tabloid can used marketer to conduct effective messenger to consumer through Attention model, Interest, Desire, and Action (AIDA), but in fact consumer still can change their mind and change their decision in buying product when they are prepare to buy at some shop. Product marketer have remain to keep hardly to be able to “influence” customer until decision buying product have done, because exactly promotion not rarely to failure happened in shop place.
There are some action which can be done by market in shop place seen the condition of “prepare to buy” from consumer side. There are three (3) kind of consumer category is seen from readiness of buying product. First, consumer don’t have plan to buy product, because before they have target to shop only for shopping window. To rake this customer type then customer have smart strategy to influence customer through : (a) Installation displayed from photo product through x-banner leaflet spreading, and also to place Sales Promotion Girl (SPG) in enter door, to give more information, explaining function and benefit product which on the market. (b) Using media through computer or information which can accessed directly by consumer, concerning product and it benefit at consumer in strategy place on shop. (c) Placing the sexy SPG that appeal consumer through product show at long seat place, until end product benefit to consumer have known by consumer clear and directly. Or (d) Placing product in interest display and easy to reach by consumer, until consumer is expected will conduct impulse buying.
Second, consumer which have plan to buy selected product but they don’t have product choice to buy. To huddle up this consumer type therefore marketer can push product buying to any brand through giving information about that sold brand and amenities that consumer have if they buy product with any brand through among : (a) Giving information about product excellence through ethics promotion way. Its way, in promotion have enough signalize excellence by brand have promoted (for example many features and high quality) without mentioning competitor brand name, (b) Offering competitive price, with easy paid way and quickly process (if that brand offering credit sales). (c) Product have guarantee and service among product until buyer place (for middle and big size product and in any distance which reached company transportation tool) and (d) Trade in, for any kind product which have owned by consumer.
Third, consumer which have product brand as option in buying. Make influence to any kind consumer like this can be done through : (a) Showing promise our brand place which there are consumer target to be bought, in order not to happened brand switching because consumer get seduced by other brand. (b) If consumer have been possessed different brand option that we sold, therefore marketer assignment become heavier because have to push brand switching happen, for example marketer conduct push create effort to consumer so that will try new brand to get “new experience” in consume product with brand that we sell or pushing consumer walk to “next class” to consume product with brand that we sell but with the higher class (premium class) than the brand we have selected before.
